# Unit 4: Nominal Sentences # Unit 4 Vocabulary #### Numbers (1-10)

	Masculine	Feminine	English
ⲁ̅	ⲟⲩⲁⲓ	ⲟⲩⲓ	One
ⲃ̅	̀ⲥⲛⲁⲩ	̀ⲥⲛⲟⲩϯ	Two
ⲅ̅	ϣⲟⲙⲧ	ϣⲟⲙϯ	Three
ⲇ̅	̀ϥⲧⲟⲩ	̀ϥⲧⲟⲩ̀ⲉ	Four
ⲉ̅	̀ⲧⲓⲟⲩ	ϯ̀ⲉ	Five
ⲋ̅	ⲥⲟⲟⲩ	ⲥⲟ	Six
ⲍ̅	ϣⲁϣϥ	ϣⲁϣϥⲓ	Seven
ⲏ̅	̀ϣⲙⲏⲛ	̀ϣⲙⲏⲛⲓ	Eight
ⲑ̅	ⲯⲓⲧ	ⲯⲓϯ	Nine
ⲓ̅	ⲙⲏⲧ	ⲙⲏϯ	Ten

#### Occupational Nouns

Coptic	English	Gender	Irregular Plural
ⲃⲱⲕ	servant	M	ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ
ⲃⲱⲕⲓ	servant	F	ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ
ⲥⲁϧ	writer	M/F	ⲥϧⲟⲩⲓ
ⲣⲉϥⲱϣ	reader	M
ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲛⲱⲥⲧⲏⲥ	reader	M
ⲣⲉϥϩⲱⲥ	singer	M
ⲣⲉϥϯⲥⲃⲱ	teacher	M
ⲣⲉϥⲉⲣϩⲓⲕⲱⲛ	iconographer	M
ⲥⲏⲓⲛⲓ	physician	M/F
ⲣⲉϥϯⲱⲙⲥ	baptizer	M
ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ	prophet	M/F
ⲓⲉⲣⲟⲯⲁⲗⲧⲏⲥ	psalmist	M
ⲙⲁⲛⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ	shepherd/shepherdess	M/F
ⲁⲣⲭⲏⲇⲓⲁⲕⲱⲛ ⲁⲣⲭⲏⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲟⲥ	archdeacon	M
ⲇⲓⲁⲕⲟⲛⲟⲥ	deacon	M
ⲟⲩⲏⲃ	priest	M
ⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ	presbyter (priest)	M
ⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ	bishop	M
ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲟⲡⲟⲗⲓⲧⲏⲥ	metropolitan	M
ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲥ	patriarch	M
ⲙⲟⲛⲁⲭⲟⲥ	monastic	M/F
ⲁⲥⲕⲏⲧⲏⲥ	hermit	M
ⲁⲣⲭⲏⲙⲁⲛ̀ⲇⲣⲓⲧⲏⲥ	archimandrite	M
ⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲟⲥ	apostle	M
ⲙⲁⲑⲏⲧⲏⲥ	disciple	M
ⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲥⲧⲏⲥ	evangelist	M
ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ	martyr	M/F
ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ	beloved	M/F	ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲁϯ
ⲥⲧⲣⲁⲧⲓⲗⲁⲧⲏⲥ	general	M

# Lesson 1: Nominal Tripartite Sentences (Definite Predicate) #### Sentences A sentence is a set of words that contains a subject (what the sentence is about) and a predicate (what is said about the subject). The predicate always contains a verb. - This is a sentence. - "This" is the subject - "is a sentence" is the predicate. - "is" is the verb - That man is the ruler. - "That man" is the subject - "is the ruler" is the predicate - "is" is the verb - John and Mike read many books this summer. - "John and Mike" are the subject - "read many books this summer" is the predicate - "read" is the verb - Smoke rises. - "Smoke" is the subject - "rises" is the verb which serves as the whole predicate - The boy is riding his bike down a long, windy road without stopping - "The boy" is the subject - Everything else is the predicate #### Nominal Sentences In Coptic, a sentence can be made in which a noun or noun equivalent serves as the predicate (i.e. without the use of a verb). This is called a Nominal Sentence. In English, this would look something like: "Very interesting, those books!" The subject is "those books" and the predicate is "very interesting." The verb is implied to be "be (is/are)" (i.e. "Those books 'are' very interesting."). In Coptic, there are three patterns of nominal sentences: - **A B** (Bipartite) - **A <copula> B** (Tripartite) - **A B <copula>** (Tripartite) ##### Copula The copula is a connecting word; in particular, it is a form of the verb "to be" connecting a subject and a complement. In English, an example would be "You smell nice." Instead of "Your smell is nice" which uses the "is" conjugation of the verb "be," "smell" acts as a copula. In Coptic, there are three copulas.

Masculine (am/is)	Feminine (am/is)	Plural (are)
ⲡⲉ	ⲧⲉ	ⲛⲉ

In this section, we will study a couple forms of a tripartite sentence. In a future lesson, we will look at bipartite sentences. Tripartite sentences have three components: - Subject - Copula - Predicate It can take on several forms depending on whether the predicate is definite or indefinite. The rules for choosing the gender and number of the copula are as follows: 1. When both the subject and object are nouns and agree in gender and number with each other, the copula will also agree in gender and number with them. 2. If there is a disagreement in gender or number, then the copula in the masculine form (ⲡⲉ) is used. 3. If the subject is a pronoun in the 1st or 2nd person (i.e. ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ̀ⲛⲑⲟ ̀ⲛⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ) then the masculine singular form (ⲡⲉ) is used regardless of the gender and number of the object. In a sentence, the subject is who or what the sentence is about (and more specifically, the noun or pronoun that performs the verb in the sentence); the predicate gives more information about the subject. For example, in English: - "The man is a teacher" - the subject is "the man" and the verb here is "is" so the (indefinite) predicate is "a teacher." - "The teacher is a man" - the subject is "the teacher" and the (indefinite) predicate is "a man." - "The teacher is the man" - the subject is "the teacher" and the (definite) predicate is "the man." - "This man is a teacher" - the subject is "This man", the verb is "is" and the (indefinite) predicate is "a teacher." - "This man is my teacher" - the subject is "This man", the verb is "is" and the (definite) predicate is "my teacher." ##### Definite Predicate There are several forms of a nominal tripartite sentence. The first structure is used when both the subject and the object are definite noun phrases. At this point, we can define a "definite noun phrase" as any of the following; nouns with a definite article, nouns with a possessive article, nouns with a demonstrative article, pronouns. Note that the word "predicate" is the more accurate term for what is referred to as the "object" below. However, "predicate" has a different meaning in Coptic than in English. In English, the "predicate" includes the verb (or copula). For that reason, I've chosen to use the word "object." **<Definite Subject> <Copula> <Definite Predicate>** **<Definite Predicate> <Copula> <Definite Subject>**

Definite Subject	Copula	Definite Object	Translation
ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲡⲉ	ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	This man is my father
ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲡⲉ	ⲡⲓⲓⲱⲧ	This man is the father
ⲧⲁⲓ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ	ⲧⲉ	ϯⲙⲁⲩ	This woman is the mother
ⲧⲁⲓ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ	ⲧⲉ	ⲧⲟⲩⲙⲁⲩ	This woman is their mother
ⲛⲁⲓⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ	ⲛⲉ	ⲛⲉⲛϣⲏⲣⲓ ̀ⲙⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ	These Christians are the children of God
ϯⲟⲩⲣⲱ	ⲧⲉ	ⲧⲁ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ	The queen is my mother

What is the difference between the subject and object in this case? How do you know if the noun is the subject or the object? Does it even matter? Consider the following \[English\] sentence: "I am the ruler." - What is the subject and what is the predicate/object? It is ambiguous! If the sentence is in response to the question "Who is the ruler?," then "the ruler" is the subject and "I" is the object. If the sentence is in response to the question "Who are you?" then "I" is the subject and "the ruler" is the object. #### Application ##### Application 1: This is an excerpt from the Reconciliation Prayer of the Liturgy of St Gregory.

ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥⲥⲁϩⲛⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ̀ⲫⲣⲉϥϯ ̀ⲛⲛⲓ̀ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲛ ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ

For you are the provider and the giver of all goodness

1. ##### Application 2: This is an excerpt from the Diptych of the Liturgy of St Gregory.

̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲅⲁⲣ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲡⲓⲛⲁⲏⲧ

For you are God the merciful

##### Application 3: The hymn ⲡⲓ̀ϩⲗⲟϫ. ##### Biblical Examples

̀ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ̀ⲡⲥⲱϯ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲟⲃⲓ

He is the propitiation of our sins (1 John 2:2)

#### Exercises ##### Exercise 1: Translate to Coptic Translate the following into Coptic: 1. ##### Exercise 2: Translate to English Translate the following phrases into English: 1. ̀ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲁⲗⲟⲩ 2. ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲥ ⲧⲉ ϯ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ 3. ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲛ 4. ̀ⲛⲑⲟ ⲧⲉ ϯⲥⲱⲛⲓ 5. ̀ⲛⲑⲱⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ##### Exercise 3: Practice Text Translate the following text:

ⲱ ⲧⲉⲛⲙⲁⲩ ̀ⲧ̀ⲁⲅⲓ̀ⲁ Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ ̀ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ̀ⲛⲑⲟ ⲧⲉ ⲧⲉⲛⲙⲁⲩ. ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓϣⲏⲣⲓ ̀ⲙⲡⲉϣⲏⲣⲓ ̀ⲙⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ. ̀ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲛϭⲟⲓⲥ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ̀ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉϥ̀ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ. ̀ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲟⲩⲟϩ ̀ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲉϥϣⲏⲣⲓ.

<Definite Subject>	<Indefinite Object>	ⲡⲉ/ⲧⲉ/ⲛⲉ	Translation
ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲡⲉ	my father is a man
ⲁⲛⲟⲕ	ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲡⲉ	I am a man
ⲁⲛⲟⲕ	ⲟⲩ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ	ⲧⲉ	I am a woman
̀ⲛⲑⲟⲥ	ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲩ	ⲧⲉ	She is a mother
̀ⲛⲑⲱⲟⲩ	ϩⲁⲛϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ	ⲛⲉ	They are women
̀ⲛⲑⲟϥ	ⲟⲩⲣⲉϥϯⲥⲃⲱ	ⲡⲉ	He is a teacher
ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲓⲛⲓ	ⲡⲉ	This man is a physician
ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲛ	ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲓⲛⲓ	ⲡⲉ	My brother is a physician
ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	ⲟⲩⲡⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ	ⲡⲉ	My father is a presbyter (priest)

**<Indefinite Object> <Copula> <Definite Subject>**

<Indefinite Object>	ⲡⲉ/ⲧⲉ/ⲛⲉ	<Definite Subject>	Translation
ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲡⲉ	ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	my father is a man
ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲡⲉ	ⲁⲛⲟⲕ	I am a man
ⲟⲩ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ	ⲧⲉ	ⲁⲛⲟⲕ	I am a woman

#### Application ##### Application 1: This is an excerpt from

1. ##### Application 2: This is an excerpt from

##### Biblical Examples

ⲧⲉϥϩⲉⲃⲥⲱ ⲟⲩ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛϥⲱⲓ ̀ⲛϭⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ ⲧⲉ	His clothing is from camel hairs (Matthew 3:4)
ⲓⲱⲥⲏⲫ ⲇⲉ ⲡⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲟⲩ̀ⲑⲙⲏⲓ ⲡⲉ	Joseph, her husband, was a righteous \[person\] (Matthew 1:19)
ⲟⲩ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲁⲃ ⲡⲉ	He is the one from a holy spirit (Matthew 1:20)
ⲟⲩ̀ⲙϩⲁⲩ ⲉϥⲟⲩⲏⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲧⲟⲩ̀ϣⲃⲱⲃⲓ	an open tomb is their throat (Psalms 13:4)
ⲛⲓϩⲁⲡ ̀ⲛⲧⲉ ⲡϭⲟⲓⲥ ϩⲁⲛϩⲁⲡ ̀ⲙⲙⲏⲓ ⲛⲉ	The judgments of the Lord are true judgments (Psalms 18:9)

#### Exercises ##### Exercise 1: Translate to Coptic Translate the following into Coptic: 1. ##### Exercise 2: Translate to English Translate the following phrases into English: 1. ̀ⲛⲑⲟϥ ⲟⲩⲁⲗⲟⲩ ⲡⲉ 2. ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲥ ⲟⲩ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲧⲉ 3. ̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲛ ⲡⲉ 4. ̀ⲛⲑⲟ ⲟⲩⲥⲱⲛⲓ ⲧⲉ 5. ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ϩⲁⲛ̀ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ ⲛⲉ 6. ̀ⲛⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ ϩⲁⲛϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛⲉ 7. ̀ⲛⲑⲱⲟⲩ ϩⲁⲛϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ⲛⲉ ##### Exercise 3: Practice Text Translate the following text:

#### Resources - "A Study in Bohairic Coptic" by Nabil Matar; p162 - See Moawad Daoud Lesson 2 - See Sameh Younan page 59 in the PDF - ACTS 2990 Introduction to the Coptic Language (Bohairic) with Hany Takla Lesson 3A # Lesson 3: Nominal Bipartite Sentences #### Nominal Bipartite Sentences In the previous lessons, we studied several forms of Nominal Tripartite Sentences. They are enumerated here: **<Definite Subject> <Copula> <Definite Object> <Definite Object> <Copula> <Definite Subject> <Definite Subject> <Indefinite Object> <Copula> <Indefinite Object> <Copula> <Definite Subject>** We defined a Tripartite Sentence as a sentence with three parts (hence the name), so naturally a Bipartite Sentence will be a sentence with two parts. We'll use the same building blocks as in the last two lessons. We have two forms of Nominal Bipartite Sentences: **<Subject> <Object>** In this sentence structure, the copula or the "is/am/are" is assumed and understood by the context of the sentence. This structure is common found with personal pronouns as the subject, although it could be used with a regular definite noun as the subject. This structure is also commonly found when a demonstrative pronoun is the object.

<Subject>	<Object>	Translation
ⲁⲛⲟⲕ	ⲟⲩ̀ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ	I am a prophet
̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ	ⲡⲓⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ	You are the Christ
ⲁⲛⲟⲛ	ϩⲁⲛⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ	We are Jews
ⲡⲁϣⲏⲣⲓ	ⲫⲁⲓ	This is my son
ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲟⲩ̀ⲡⲣⲟⲫⲏⲧⲏⲥ	The man is a prophet

**<Object> <Copula>** In this sentence structure, the subject is assumed to be the relevant pronoun (i.e. it, he, they, etc.), and the object is what is specified. The object here can be an indefinite noun, a definite noun, a possessive noun, a pronoun, etc.

<Object>	<Copula>	Translation
ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	ⲡⲉ	he is my father
ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲩ	ⲧⲉ	she is my mother
ⲛⲁ̀ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ	ⲛⲉ	they are my brothers
ⲡⲓⲥⲁⲃⲉ	ⲡⲉ	he is the wise one
ϯⲥⲁⲃⲏ	ⲧⲉ	she is the wise one
ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲙⲓ	ⲡⲉ	he is a man
ⲟⲩ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ	ⲧⲉ	she is a woman
ϩⲁⲛⲉϫⲏⲟⲩ	ⲛⲉ	they are ships
ⲫⲁⲓ	ⲡⲉ	this is it (m.)
ⲑⲁⲓ	ⲧⲉ	this is it (f.)
ⲛⲁⲓ	ⲛⲉ	they are these

Naturally, this would take on a different translation when the object is a personal pronoun (since it doesn't make much sense to say "he is him" or "she is her").

<Object>	<Copula>	Translation
ⲁⲛⲟⲕ	ⲡⲉ	it is I
ⲁⲛⲟⲛ	ⲛⲉ	it is us
̀ⲛⲑⲟⲕ	ⲡⲉ	it is you (m.)
̀ⲛⲑⲟ	ⲧⲉ	it is you (f.)
̀ⲛⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ	ⲛⲉ	it is you (pl.)
̀ⲛⲑⲟϥ	ⲡⲉ	it is him
̀ⲛⲑⲟⲥ	ⲧⲉ	it is her
̀ⲛⲑⲱⲟⲩ	ⲛⲉ	it is them

Application ##### Application 1: This is an excerpt from <>.

1. #### Exercises ##### Exercise 1: Translate to Coptic Translate the following into Coptic: 1. ##### Exercise 2: Translate to English Translate the following phrases into English: 1. #### Resources "A Study in Bohairic Coptic" by Nabil Matar; p162 See Moawad Daoud Lesson 2 See Sameh Younan page 59 in the PDF ACTS 2990 Introduction to the Coptic Language (Bohairic) with Hany Takla Lesson 3A # Lesson 4: Negative Nominal Sentence Construction #### Indefinite Pronoun -ⲕⲉ- An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to any person, place, or thing in particular. Some examples of indefinite pronouns in English are: "anything" - "something" - "anyone" - "anywhere" - "someone" - "somewhere" - etc. The infix -ⲕⲉ- is a noninflectional word element that is inserted between the noun prefix and the noun. It expresses the meaning "other" and can be used with definite or indefinite articles, demonstrative articles and possessive articles.

ⲡⲓⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲓ	the other man	Definite Article (m.)
ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲓ	the other men	Definite Article (f.)
ϯⲕⲉ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ	the other woman	Definite Article (pl.)
ⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲓ\*	another man	Indefinite Article (s.)
ϩⲁⲛⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲓ	some other men	Indefinite Article (pl.)
ⲡⲁⲓⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲓ	this other man	Demonstrative Article (m.)
ⲡⲁⲕⲉⲣⲱⲙⲓ	my other man	Possessive Article (1s.)

\*Note that for the singular indefinite noun, the singular indefinite article ⲟⲩ is dropped. However, in the case of the plural, the plural indefinite article ϩⲁⲛ is kept. #### Nominal Sentences: Negative Construction All of the nominal sentences we have taken so far are of positive construction (e.g. "This man is my father"). Negating the sentence (e.g. "This man is not my father") is achieved by placing the particle ̀ⲛ (sometimes ̀ⲙ) before the object and ⲁⲛ before the copula. Below, we will discuss negating both types of bipartite sentences, and all four types of tripartite sentences that we have taken thus far. When do we use ̀ⲛ versus ̀ⲙ? ̀ⲙ is used when the following letter is: ⲙ ⲡ ⲃ ⲫ ⲯ **<Object> <Copula>**

ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲡⲉ	he is my father
̀ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ	he is not my father
ⲟⲩⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ	he is a bishop
̀ⲛⲟⲩⲉⲡⲓⲥⲕⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ	he is not a bishop

**<Subject><Object>** This sentence type cannot be negated. To negate it, you will need a copula which will make it a tripartite sentence. **<Definite Subject> <Copula> <Definite Object>**

ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	this man is my father
ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ̀ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	this man is not my father
ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ	this is the man
ⲫⲁⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ̀ⲙⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ	this is not the man

**<Definite Object> <Copula> <Definite Subject>**

ⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	my father is this man
̀ⲙⲡⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ	my father is not this man

**<Definite Subject> <Indefinite Object> <Copula>**

ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲩ ⲟⲩⲥⲁϧ ⲧⲉ	my mother is a teacher
ⲧⲁⲙⲁⲩ ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲥⲁϧ ⲁⲛ ⲧⲉ	my mother is not a teacher

**<Indefinite Object> <Copula> <Definite Subject>**

ⲟⲩ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲧⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ	I am a woman
̀ⲛⲟⲩ̀ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ ⲁⲛ ⲧⲉ ⲁⲛⲟⲕ	I am not a woman

Application ##### Application 1: This is an excerpt from the Orthodox Creed.

ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ: ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ̀ⲛⲧⲁ̀ⲫⲙⲏⲓ ̀ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ̀ⲛⲧⲁ̀ⲫⲙⲏⲓ. ⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲡⲉ ⲟⲩⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ: ⲟⲩ̀ⲟⲙⲟⲟⲩⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ̀ⲫⲓⲱⲧ

light of light; true God of true God; begotten not created, of one essence with the Father

1. ⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥⲓ ⲡⲉ - he is begotten 2. ⲟⲩⲑⲁⲙⲓⲟ ⲁⲛ ⲡⲉ - he is not created 3. ⲟⲩ̀ⲟⲙⲟⲟⲩⲥⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ̀ⲫⲓⲱⲧ - he is one essence with the father #### Exercises ##### Exercise 1: Translate to Coptic Translate the following into Coptic: 1. ##### Exercise 2: Translate to English Translate the following phrases into English: 1. #### Resources "A Study in Bohairic Coptic" by Nabil Matar; p162 See Moawad Daoud Lesson 2 See Sameh Younan page 59 in the PDF ACTS 2990 Introduction to the Coptic Language (Bohairic) with Hany Takla Lesson 3A # Lesson 5: Relative Nominal Sentence Construction #### Interrogative Form Application ##### Application 1: This is an excerpt from <>.