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Station 2: Where did the Bible come from?

Questions to Answer

 
  • What is canonization? Who decided which books go into the OT? And the NT?
  • What about translation? Do some things get lost in translation? Are some translations better than others?
  • What about chapters and verses?
  • How do we know that we have the right words that were actually spoken by Christ?

Presentation

St Pishoy classroom will be converted into "The Museum of Biblical History" with three exhibits. The presenting servant will be a museum tour guide who will conduct a tour of the museum's exhibits.

Exhibit 1 - Biblical Manuscripts
  • We will have printouts of the following manuscripts (in reverse order of how old they are):
    • Masoretic Text (Codex Leningradensis)
    • Four Great Uncials (Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus)
    • Bodmer Papyri
    • Chester Beatty Papyri
    • Magdalen Fragments
    • Oxyrhynchus Papyri
    • Rylands Papyrus
    • Nash Papyrus
    • Dead Sea Scrolls
  • We will have the the following as posters:

    • image-1686752818479.PNG

    • image-1686748065017.png

    • image-1686750542873.PNG


  • Introduce the station by talking about the posters
    • Poster 1a: There are a lot of manuscripts of the Bible. A LOT. Let's take a look at the Old Testament first. In the Old Testament, we have 42,300 Manuscripts that we have found so far, of the Old Testament. And for the New Testament we have 23,986. The reason that the Old Testament has more, despite being older, is obvious - first because it is older, so has been around for longer, there are more copies, etc. And second because it is preserved by Jews and Christians!
    • Poster 1b: This chart shows all the languages that these New Testament manuscripts are found in and obviously those are all translations of the original. Because the original was in Greek. So if we take just that Greek number - the number of manuscripts of the New Testament in its original language, it's 5,856. How does that compare with manuscripts of other historical documents?
    • Poster 2: The fact is that we have more manuscripts for the New Testament than any other ancient document. The other fact is that our closest manuscripts are from only 30 years after the original. 
    • If you compare with Homer's Iliad, for example - it has a lot of manuscripts, but the earliest one is 400 years after the original. Or something like Tacitus' Annals we have very few manuscripts and the earliest one is 750 years after the original. 
    • Poster 3: But we also have tens of thousands of Patristic references to the New Testament which are all within the first Century after Christ from all around the world - and none of them disagree with the text of the New Testament. Justin Martyr lived in Rome, Irenaeus in Asia Minor, Clement and Origen in Alexandria, Tertullian in northern Africa, Hippolytus in Rome, Eusebius in Caesarea
  • So what do these Manuscripts look like? Today you will have a chance to see and feel them. We'll look at them from the newest to the oldest.
  • The Masoretic Text
    • These are a couple of pages from the Codex Leningradensis which is the oldest complete manuscript of the Masoretic Text and lives in St Petersburg in Russia. The Masoretic Text was composed in the 9th Century and is the Hebrew Bible that is used for most Protestant Translations of the Old Testament.
    • The Masoretic Text is in Hebrew, and very notably it was the first time that vowels, pronunciation and stress accents were added to the Hebrew Bible in the form of Diacritic Markings (tashkeel).
    • It is called Masoretic because it was composed by the Masoretes - a school of scribes and Torah scholars who lived between the 7th and 11th Centuries in Jerusalem.
    • Orthodox Christians do not use the Masoretic Text, but we use the Septuagint because:
      • That is the translation of the Old Testament that was used and quoted by Christ and the Apostles
      • It is over 1,000 years older than the Masoretic Text
      • The Masoretic Text was made by Jews AFTER Christ and added interpretations to Hebrew words that may have not been there before
  • The Great Uncials
    • Uncial is a majuscule script - written entirely in capital letters (common in 4th-8th centuries CE)
    • Scriptio Continua - words without any spaces between them
    • Here we have some pages from the Four Great Uncials - Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
    • These Codices are all of the Septuagint.
    • FillCodex Vaticanus
      • Written in morethe info4th aboutCentury, oldest surviving Manuscript of the GreatGreek UncialsBible
      • Uses the oldest system of textual divisions in the Gospels
      • Named after the Vatican Library where it has been conserved and kept since the 15th Century
      • Written on 759 leaves of vellum in uncial letters
      • Known to Western scholars because of correspondence between Erasmus and the prefects of the Vatican Library
      • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus 
    • Codex Sinaiticus
      • Written in the 4th Century, oldest surviving complete New Testament
      • Scriptio Continua
      • Includes entire Greek Old and New Testament as well as Epistle of Barnabas and Shepherd of Hermas
      • Preserved for centuries in St Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai
      • Complex and beautiful artifact: one of the most important texts for studying ancient Greek translations of the Hebrew Bible, and for the study of the New Testament
      • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus 
    • Codex Alexandrinus
      • Written in the 5th Century
      • Scriptio Continua
      • Includes entire Greek Old and New Testament as well as 1 Clement, 2 Clement
      • Also included some apocryphal/pseudepigraphal books like Psalms of Solomon, but those pages are missing (except for in an index)
      • From Alexandria and resided there until it was brought to Constantinople. Today, it is in the British Library
      • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus 
    • Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
      • Written in the 5th Century
      • Scriptio Continua
      • Then, in the 12th Century the ink was washed off the surface (as best as it could be) so that the paper could be re-used (palimpset) for 38 treatises composed by St Ephrem the Syrian - dating,which naming,is anythingwhere specialit aboutderives themits name
      • UncialOnly meanssome it'sparts allof capitalthe letters...OT talkSurvive, aboutmost thatof partthe aNT. littleDoes bitnot include 2 John or 2 Thessalonians
      • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus 
  • Bodmer Papyri
    • FillGreek and Coptic
    • 3rd Century
    • Found in information1952 forat eachPabau near Dishna, Egypt; they were smuggled to Switzerland and bought by Martin Bodmer
    • 22 Papyri
    • Includes some pagan texts (like Homer's Iliad), some Apocrypha (like Infancy Gospel of James) and the four Gospels - oldest testimony of the belowGospel manuscriptsof -John
      • date,
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmer_Papyri naming, language, anything special about it
  • Chester Beatty Papyri
    • Greek with some Coptic notes in the margins
    • Early 2nd Century to Late 4th Century
    • Found near Memphis, on the banks of the Nile, acquired by Chester Beatty in 1930;
    • 126 leaves
    • Valuable because they showed that the use of codex form for the Bible antedated the 4th Century and even the introduction of parchment
    • Includes portions of Old Testament, portions of New Testament, and portions of Apocryphal "Book of Enoch"
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Papyri 
  • Magdalen FragmentsPapyrus
  • Oxyrhynchus Papyri
    • Mostly Greek, Some Egyptian (Hieroglyphics, Hieratic, Demotic, Coptic), Latin, Arabic, Very Little Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Pahlavi
    • 3rd Century BC - 3rd Century AD
    • Found in Oxyrhynchus, Egypt (el Bahnasa)
    • Since 1898, 5,000 documents have been conserved, transcribed, deciphered, and catalogued. There are at least 500,000 papyri left.
    • Administrative Texts, Secular Texts, much of the Old Testament, some Apocrypha, some of the New Testament
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri 
  • Rylands Papyrus
  • Nash Papyrus
  • Dead Sea Scrolls
Exhibit 2 - Translations and Versions
  • We will have a table that contains several Bible Translations including:
    • KJV
    • NKJV
    • RSV
    • NRSV
    • NIV
    • NLT
    • GNT
  • What is the Process of Translation
    • First step is transmission - the original is transmitted to us in the form of manuscripts and scrolls as you saw in our last exhibit.image-1686753764804.png
    • Those manuscripts are analyzed - people do PhD Dissertations on one single manuscript. Everything about it is analyzed in an attempt to verify it, date it, compare it, etc.
    • Out of those Manuscripts, a number of texts is established.
      • The Critical Text is a combination of all the Manuscripts that represents "What we think the original author actually wrote"
      • The Majority Text is a combination of all the Manuscripts that represents "What a majority of the manuscripts have"
      • The difference between them is basically weight and count. Majority Text is based on count. Critical Text is based on weight. "We see that more manuscripts have this part, but it is more likely that the author meant this other one"
    • Now that text must be translated. And when you go to translate something, there are three ways to translate it:
      • Formal Equivalence: A literal translation that is word for word
      • Dynamic Equivalence: A translation that is "thought for thought" or "phrase for phrase"
      • Paraphrases

      • image-1686754182215.png

  • Let's see some examples
  • New King James Version
    • The New King James Version is preferred by the Orthodox Church
    • Fill in the history of the KJV and NKJV
    • Make sure to include the fact that KJV actually included the books that Protestants removed, though as an addendum and referring to them as Apocrypha
Exhibit 3 - Canonization
  • So we've seen the Manuscripts, we've seen the Critical Text, we've seen the Translations... at which point is this considered to be the Inspired Word of God? Is it the original that is Inspired? Is it the Manuscript copies? Is it the translation? The question of Canonization is a question of Inspiration.
  • So ask yourself this question - WHY are there so many manuscripts of the Bible? WHY is the Bible the most translated piece of writing of all time? WHY are there so many versions of the Bible?
  • It is BECAUSE it is Inspired. Because it is seen as authoritative and important, it was copied hundreds of thousands of times by hand. Because it is seen as the authentic word of God, it was translated into every language. Because its message is valued by all generations, it was translated into several versions.
  • So what is Canonization?
    • Fill this out
  • How is something Canonized?
    • The Events Happen
      • Abraham lived in 1800 BC and there are many stories from his life
      • These stories are preserved in an oral tradition and passed down from generation to generation
    • The Events are Written Down
      • Moses lived in 1250 BC and he wrote down the stories of Abraham in the Book of Genesis
      • But these books were not considered "The Word of God" or "Canonical" or "Inspired" until much later
    • The Writings are Considered Scripture
      • During the Babylonian Exile (~500 BC), the Jews started to read the writings of the Torah and turned to them as much more important. They had lost their Temple, their city, their land - so they turned to the Torah for comfort. They started to see the writings as holy and sacred Scripture.
      • When they returned from Captivity (~400 BC), they considered these writings to be the word of God.
  • Canonization of Scripture
    • This exhibit will be at the white-board side of St Pishoy, so it would be good to use the whiteboard to diagram out the timeline of Canonization while speaking to some points
    • Fill in some speaking points
    • Note 367 is the date of St Athanasius Encyclical where he listed the names of the Books - see LA Copts link for a good handling of this. Essentially, he was not DECIDING the books, but telling them what is Canonical. What He believed to be Canonical based on what was passed down to him from the earlier Church Fathers, what was used in Liturgical Prayer, etc.

Resources

Canonization
Book of Enoch
Bible Chapters and Verses
Bible Translations
Jesus' Actual Words
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